The Police Academy Police Training in the United States...

Prior to the creation of the formal police academy, officers were taught using various methods that were not always effective or conducive to the work required of an officer. As a result, ill-equipped officers flooded the streets of nineteenth-century America, often unable to perform the primary duty of their job: protecting the public. The United States, inspired by England and other countries with better-developed public safety systems, desperately needed a method of ensuring safety for its people. The creation and evolution of the police academy defined what being a police officer entailed by teaching officers what is expected of them, not only job-requirement wise, but also morally and ethically. The Police Academy prepares an†¦show more content†¦The consequences of such training weren’t seen immediately; the only significantly negative concern that arose instantly as result of informal training was an ineffective police department full of unethical, inaccess ible officers. Many reports indicate that officers easily evaded duty and spent much of their time in saloons and barbershops (Walker 29). Lacking direct supervision and internally-driven motivation, many street officers slacked off and began to use corruption as an additional form of income and power. As street officers worked their way up to leadership positions within the police departments, patronage became a significant issue; officers were selected entirely on the basis of their political connections. Men with no formal education, those in bad health, and those with criminal records were hired (Walker 28). The intense need for a secure, reliable police department became evident. The police academy was born as a result of a demand for ethically and morally stable officers free of corruption and formally trained to keep the community safe. It is hard to believe that only 60 years ago, the first formal training academy was opened. The idea of the first formal s chool for police officers originated in the mind of August Vollmer, the father of modern lawShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Higher Education Among Law Enforcement Officers1669 Words   |  7 Pagesadvancement of police into the modern context of what is needed and expected of police. Police Basic Training Academy Training Commonly, all officers must complete a training regime at a police academy before going into the field on patrol. While the duration of the training differs from institution and police force, training is still required of all officers. For instance, â€Å"Virginia State Troopers must undergo training lasting around 12 months or a year’s time† (Police, 2009). This training is forRead MoreThe Different Types Of Training Essay1613 Words   |  7 PagesTraining basics The different types of training used in the Criminal Justice field can basically be trimmed down to two major ways of thought. 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Analysis Of The Book Howard s End - 1273 Words

The social class one belongs to is largely determined by his education level and economic status, rendering it difficult for him to advance beyond the class he inherited at birth. In his novel, Howard s End, E.M. Forster exposes his readers to three families, each in a distinct social class in early 20th century England; the Basts, made up of Leonard, an impoverished investment clerk, and his eventual wife, Jacky, are from the lower middle class; the Wilcox family, a clan has been uplifted by their father, Henry Wilcox, and his business acumen, represent the upper middle class; and the Schlegel siblings, who pride themselves on gaining culture and having intellectual experiences, are from the upper class. Using these families, Forster†¦show more content†¦As civilization moves forward, the shoe is bound to pinch in places, and it’s absurd to pretend that anyone is personally responsible (Forster 169).† The belief that things should stay as they are is prevalen t, especially among the upper classes. These views are reflected throughout the novel and are used by Forster to give to give the readers a sense of the conflicts that exist in England at the time the novel was written. As the novel progresses, the relationships that are formed make individuals reconsider how they view other social classes. We see this with Mr. Blast, after his meeting with Margaret and Helen, when he expresses that â€Å"He was at his best when he thought of them...Somehow the barriers of wealth had fallen, and there had been-he could not phrase it- a general assertion of the wonder of the world (Forster 108).† Mr. Leonard Bast knows that he is poor and that as a result, society views him as inferior to individuals such as Margaret and Helen. However, his time spent with these two ladies has made him feel as if he was not being viewed as a member of a certain social class but as a person that they were truly interested in conversing with. These individuals find common ground that allows them to slowly forget about their different backgrounds. The friendship between Margaret and Mrs. Wilcox represents an attempt of two individuals, who belong to differing social classes, as they reconcile those disparities for the sake of aShow MoreRelatedThe Great Deal On Personal Relationships Essay1421 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Temperamentally, I am an individualist. Professionally, I am a writer, and my books emphasize the importance of personal relationships and the private life, for I believe in them† - E. M. Forster, Two Cheers For Democracy In his works, notably Howards End, E.M. Forster focuses a great deal on personal relationships as the basis of connecting with others. Forster is passionately interested in human nature and private life. In his explorationRead MoreCriminal Profiling, Criminal, And Forensic Psychology1226 Words   |  5 Pagescriminal investigation analysis. Criminal profiling’s history has come from a history of criminal behavior, the study of mental illnesses, and forensic examinations. 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Why Did the British Lose the American Revolution Free Essays

America started being independent after British lose American Revolution. British had the best military and best equipped. Literally, they had the better superiority and more advantages than America got. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Did the British Lose the American Revolution? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, Britain is a very gentle country, this culture and the way they treat the colonies which are in northern America might impact the result of revolution as well. Some choices they made and the way they thought as well as the location they are, these total main elements caused the British lose revolution and made the events happened in history. The causes of conflict are that Britain was attacking American economy. Such as Boston Tea Party, The British monopoly North America tea import, and controlling prices, etc. In colonies of Britain, because of the mode of British government used so that almost every colonies had freedom and thought of democratic consciousness. The people who live in the northern America colony for twenty to thirty years had deep effects of it. Even the young people who were born in colony in new generation had more a sense of belonging and national identity on north colony than their actually homeland which is Britain. Accordingly, Britain loses the hearts of people, but they were trying to caught back in the wrong way. Although, it looks peaceful in the inside of America, the wars from Europe that are separated by Pacific and Atlantic are still continually affecting the northern colony in America. On the military and policy sides, although the British military are the best, but the crossing- ocean distance between Britain and American truly reduce the military power. So it didn’t be helpful on supporting the British military. At the meantime, Washington organized powerful troops and made a system for collectively resist British troops. Also, there are some countries, such as Netherlands and French which had enmity with Britain were supporting American being independent. Especially when America made public Declaration of Independence, French establishes diplomatic relations with America. French gave the American military supplies, food, and qualified military instructors to improve the combat effectiveness of the armed forces in North America. These elements did surely help American out on wining revolution. How to cite Why Did the British Lose the American Revolution?, Papers

Peoples behaviour free essay sample

‘Behaviour’ is a term defined by psychologists as an act done by an animal in response to any stimulus provided by the outside world. An assumption held by many social psychologists when attempting to explain the reasons behind the action of people’s behaviour is that we try to find certain reasons that explain our own and other people’s action towards an environmental stimulus. This is also known as the theory of attribution, ie. We often attribute a cause to certain behaviour. Different factors are accounted for when trying to provide an explanation for our own behaviour, and thus, we would also try to attribute reasons for the behaviour of other people. This essay will attempt to explain different theories of attribution as well as put forth supporting and contradicting evidence and theories in order to provide a more holistic view on how behaviour is explained. In the theory proposed by Heider (1958), he suggested that people are like ‘naive psychologists’ who are constantly trying to make sense of the social world, making a causal relationship for people’s behaviour. He suggests that human beings tend to see cause and effect even when there isn’t any. By examining and interpreting peoples’ behaviour, we try to infer intention and responsibility. When trying to explain behaviour, Heider suggests that it depends on whether we are trying to explain the behaviour of ourselves or other people. The actor-observer effect states that people are more likely to attribute behaviour of others internally, for example, we would be more likely to attribute the behaviour of other people to their personality. This is also known as dispositional attribution. However, when we try to explain our own behaviour, we are more likely to attribute them to external factors such as the environment. This is also known as situational attribution. Through Heider, these two main ideas are proposed which influenced further research such as the correspondent inference theory (Jones and Davis, 1965), the covariation model by Kelley (1967). Jones and Davis (1965) further developed the theory of attribution into what is known as the correspondent inference theory: It states that for an  observer to infer whether the action of the actor depends on dispositional attribution, the social desirability of the action is taken into account. For example, if a famous singer is found to by going to the gym often, observers will be more likely to attribute their behaviour to social desirability rather than as a dispositional aspect. However, if the behaviour is socially undesirable, i. e. smoking, observers will be more likely to attribute the behaviour to the actor’s disposition. However, it is important to note that the theory put forth by Jones and Davis may be quite nomothetic as cultural differences are not accounted for. In a study conducted by Lieberman, Jarcho Obayashi (2005) on American and East Asian participants investigating the â€Å"automatic and controlled components of attributional inference†, participants from both cultures were asked to watch a silent clip of an anxious woman and depending on the information they were given, such as the situation the woman was in, or her personality etc. The participants were then asked to attribute the behaviour of the woman. The results concluded that even though American participants and East Asian participants all show â€Å"automatic attributional habits†, East Asian participants are more likely to disregard situational constraints that are presented to them and would be more likely to say that a person’s behaviour is due to the dispositional attributions. Therefore, it seems plausible to suggest that although attributional processes are present across cultures, people from different cultures undergo a different attributing process, and thus, there is a certain need to individualize theories such as this one. Another model of attribution which originates from Heider’s attribution theory is Kelley’s (1972) covariation theory. This theory states that when an observer judges the actor’s behaviour, information is gathered across three different things: i) across consensus, ii) across distinctiveness and iii) across consistency. Consequently, this theory is different from the correspondent inference theory as Kelley assumes that people are more likely gather information from different scenarios rather than just one situation in order to attribute a cause to certain behaviour. Despite the amount of research conducted towards the attributional process undertaken by people, there are errors when we try to attribute causes to behaviour. These are important because they allow psychologists to gain further understanding towards the complex web of reasons of attributions made. One of the major errors in attribution is the fundamental attribution error. This is when people overestimate the role of dispositional factors and undermines situational factors in people’s behaviour. Social psychologists believe that this occurrence is due to people’s perception of self and others – people are more likely to see themselves as adaptable beings who are able to act differently depending on circumstances. However, when they judge other people’s behaviour, they are more likely to attribute their behaviour to disposition because there is not enough information for an unbiased decision. A study conducted by Ross, Amabile Steinmetz (1977) investigated the fundamental attribution error in participants who were judging actors performing certain roles. Participants were randomly assigned to a game show as a host, contestants, or the audience. The host was allowed to write their own questions to the show and after the show, the audience was asked to rate the intelligence of the people in the game show. The results showed that even though the participants knew that the host was given permission to write their own questions, they still rated him/her as the one with highest intelligence, a dispositional attribute, which shows that the fundamental attribution error has been committed. This experiment reveals the common presence of the fundamental attribution error and how the social hierarchy can be associated with it because experts in a particular field are usually considered intelligent even in other fields as well. It seems like a key fact that we often commit the fundamental attribution error because we’re mentally lazy as Gilbert Malone (1995) argued since FAE involves a two-step attribution process and for people to draw an inference, FAE happens either due to the lack of cognitive resources for behaviour to be explained, or the second step of conscious processing of information is automatically skipped resulting in incorrect attribution. Our attributions often exhibit another form of error – self serving bias (SSB). This type of error is mostly concerned with our individual desire to maintain self-esteem. Zuckerman (1979) SSB is when we explain the cause of our own successes to dispositional factors and blame failures to situational factors. Unlike FAE, SSB is more concerned with how people tend to explain their own behaviour rather than other people; hence it shows the elaborate attributional processes undertaken by people. The presence of SSB can be seen through a study conducted by Lau and Russell (1980) where they interviewed professional athletes and coaches on their successes and failures in football matches. The results shows that athletes and coaches attribute 80% of their wins to dispositional factors, for example, skills. However their losses are usually attributed to external factors, for example, bad weather. This shows that SSB is apparent in a lot of social settings. Another study conducted by Bernstein, Stephan Davis (1979) on students shows that they often attribute good grades to intelligence whilst attributing bad grades to having a bad teacher. Thus, it seems that just as FAE, SSB is evident in the social context, providing an explanation to people’s behaviour. Nevertheless, attribution theories reveal the intricate reasoning and links for observers to provide a cause their own and other people’s behaviour. For social psychologists, these theories may even lead to other problems that are present in the social world; for example, social categorization and stereotyping etc. In fact, Medcof (1990) suggested that all attribution theories are based around a similar concept; and each theory highlight a different point which furthers the understanding of human behaviour. Thus, Medcof believes that the theories will eventually integrate to become complimenting theories of attribution. In conclusion, it appears that humans have the tendency to become psychologists themselves when they attempt to explain their own and other people’s behaviour as Heider (1958) suggested. The attribution processes undergone are often linked to the amount of cognitive resources they have. Yet, it is important to note that by trying to create a causal relationship between dispositional or situational factors to behaviour, attribution errors become more apparent because of varying factors. Although there are flaws in attribution theories an models, as well as the observed errors in attribution, there is a fundamental concept that all attribution theories adhere to: Thus, as Medcof (1990) suggested, it may be that in the end, rather than having separate theories and models, there will be one integrated theory of how people explain their own and other people’s behaviour.